This page contains analyses of the transparency of a variety of languages. Each language is analyzed on 21 features, which are classified over four categories, i.e. redundancy, discontinuity, fusion and form-based form. For the reasoning behind this list of features and their classification into four categories, see

Leufkens, Sterre. 2015. Transparency in language. A typological study (University of Amsterdam PhD dissertation). Utrecht: LOT.

The data on this site have been collected and described by various authors. A number of reference grammars served as source for information and examples, and in addition, several language experts were consulted. An overview of data collectors, consulted experts and consulted reference grammars per language can be found here. If you use and cite this dataset, please make sure to also refer to these sources.

This content of this website is published under a creative commons license, type CC by, which means that it is legal to copy the data and use them for your own research, as long as you make correct reference to their source, and as long as you indicate any changes that you make to the original data. Read here for more information.

To cite the general dataset:
Leufkens, Sterre (ed.). 2015. Transparency in language – online dataset. Available online at transparency.humanities.uva.nl.

To cite a particular analysis:
[name of feature and language]. 2015. [name of data collector and describer]. In Leufkens, Sterre (ed.), Transparency in language – online dataset. Available online at transparency.humanities.uva.nl.

For example:
Plural concord in Bantawa. 2015. Leufkens, Sterre. In Leufkens, Sterre (ed.), Transparency in language – online dataset. Available online at transparency.humanities.uva.nl.